#Python-Intermediate

# Topic covered
* Python OS Module
* Common OS functions
* OS Path
* Additional OS Fxn

# Topic covered
* File Handling
* Various properties of File Object
* Allowed Modes
* Open and close file
* The with statement
* seek() and tell() methods
* Writing data into files
* Reading Data from files
* Buffer Read and Write file
* Zipping and Unzipping Files

# Topic covered
* Exception Handling
* Syntax Errors
* Runtime Errors
* Custom Exception
* List Of General Use Exceptions
* Python’s Exception Hierarchy

# Topic covered
* Regular expression
* Raw string
* String operation
* RegEx function
* Metacharacters
* Advance RegEx

# Topic covered
* Deepcopy and Shallow copy
* Value equality vs identity

Deepcopy and Shallow copy

• In case of shallow copy, a reference of object is copied in other object.
  • It means that any changes made to the copied object do reflect in the original object
  • External object id changes but Internal object id remains same
• In case of deep copy, a copy of object is copied in other object.
  • It means that any changes made to the copied object do not reflect in the original object
  • External and internal object ids changes

Type Checking/Annotations in Python

• Type Annotations are a new feature added in PEP 484 that allow for adding type hints to variables.
• They are used to inform someone reading the code what the type of a variable should be.
• This brings a sense of statically typed control to the dynamically typed Python
• Usage

  • Annotate Argument
  • Annotate Return type
  • Annotate Variable