#Python-Intermediate

1. Python OS Module

• Python OS module provides the facility to establish the interaction between the user and the operating system
• It provides functions for creating and removing a directory (folder), fetching its contents, changing and identifying the current directory, etc.

import os

# shows all attribute and method in this module.
print(dir(os))

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2. File Handling

As the part of programming requirement, we have to store our data permanently for future purpose. For this requirement we should go for files.

Files are very common permanent storage areas to store our data.

There are 2 types of file

• Text Files
  • Usually we can use text files to store character data
• Binary Files
  • Usually we can use binary files to store binary data like images,video files, audio files etc..

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3. Exception Handling

In any programming language there are 2 types of errors are possible.

1. Syntax Errors
2. Runtime Errors

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4. Regular expression

• A Regular Expression (RegEx) is a sequence of characters that defines a search pattern
• RegEx can be used to check if a string contains the specified search pattern.
• Python has a built-in package called re, which can be used to work with Regular Expressions.

If we want to represent a group of Strings according to a particular format/pattern then we should go for Regular Expressions.

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Type Checking/Annotations in Python

• Type Annotations are a new feature added in PEP 484 that allow for adding type hints to variables.
• They are used to inform someone reading the code what the type of a variable should be.
• This brings a sense of statically typed control to the dynamically typed Python
• Usage

  • Annotate Argument
  • Annotate Return type
  • Annotate Variable

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