#python

# Topic covered
* Dictionary Data Structure
* Dictionary declaration
* Keys of Dictionary
* Update Dictionary
* Display/access Dictionary
* Dictionary in-built function
* Dictionary Comprehension
* Iterate Through a Dictionary
* Usage

# Topic covered
* Functions
* Built-in Functions
    * Anonymous/lambda Functions
    * map() function
    * reduce() function
    * filter() function
    * eval() function
* User Defined Functions
* Return Statement
* Parameters & Arguments
    * Positional arguments
    * Keyword arguments
    * Default arguments
    * Variable length arguments
* Generators
* Iterable and Iterator in Python
    * Create an Iterator Class

# Topic covered
* Python OS Module
* Common OS functions
* OS Path
* Additional OS Fxn

# Topic covered
* File Handling
* Various properties of File Object
* Allowed Modes
* Open and close file
* The with statement
* seek() and tell() methods
* Writing data into files
* Reading Data from files
* Buffer Read and Write file
* Zipping and Unzipping Files

# Topic covered
* Exception Handling
* Syntax Errors
* Runtime Errors
* Custom Exception
* List Of General Use Exceptions
* Python’s Exception Hierarchy

# Topic covered
* Regular expression
* Raw string
* String operation
* RegEx function
* Metacharacters
* Advance RegEx

# Topic covered
* Deepcopy and Shallow copy
* Value equality vs identity

Deepcopy and Shallow copy

• In case of shallow copy, a reference of object is copied in other object.
  • It means that any changes made to the copied object do reflect in the original object
  • External object id changes but Internal object id remains same
• In case of deep copy, a copy of object is copied in other object.
  • It means that any changes made to the copied object do not reflect in the original object
  • External and internal object ids changes

Python DateTime module

The datetime classes are categorize into 6 main classes –

• date
  • Its attributes are year, month and day
• time
  • Its attributes are hour, minute, second, microsecond and tzinfo

Python collection module

• There are 4 basic collection data types
  • List, Tuples, Sets, Dictionary
• Specialised collection data types
  • Counter, OrderedDict, UserDict, UserList, UserString
  • defaultdict, deque, namedtuple(), Chainmap

First Class functions in Python

• In Python when functions treated like any other variable then they are term as First-class functions
• Properties of first class functions:

  • Assign to a variable.
  • Pass the function as a parameter to another function.
  • Return a function from another function.