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Deadlock

• A situation where a set of processes are blocked because each process is holding a resource and waiting for another resource acquired by some other process.
• This block situation is called Deadlock(DL)
• DL is a bug present in the process/thread synchronization method
• In DL, processes never finish executing, and the system resources are tied up, preventing other jobs from starting.

Concurrency

• Concurrency is the execution of the multiple instruction sequences at the same time.
• It happens in the operating system when there are several process threads running in parallel

CPU Scheduling in Operating Systems

• Short-term schedular
• Move processes from: Ready Queue (Ready state)--> Running state
• CPU scheduling can be of two types
  • Non-Preemptive scheduling
  • Preemptive scheduling

32-Bit vs 64-Bit OS

• A 32-bit OS has 32-bit registers, and it can access 2^32 unique memory addresses.
  • i.e., 4GB of physical memory.
• A 64-bit OS has 64-bit registers, and it can access 2^64 unique memory addresses.
  • i.e., 17,179,869,184 GB of physical memory.
• 32-bit CPU architecture can process 32 bits of data & information.
• 64-bit CPU architecture can process 64 bits of data & information.

Components of OS

1. Kernel
   • A kernel is that part of the operating system which interacts directly with the hardware and performs the most crucial tasks.
   • Heart of OS/Core component
   • Very first part of OS to load on start-up.
2. User space
   • Where application software runs, apps don’t have privileged access to the underlying hardware. It interacts with kernel.
   • App: GUI, CLI

Software

# Topic covered
* Systems software
* Application software
* Operating System(OS)
* Types of OS
* Multithreading vs Multitasking 

Internet

Since the explosive growth of web-based applications, every developer stands to benefit from understanding how the Internet works. Through this article and its accompanying introductory series of short videos about the Internet from code.org, you will learn the basics of the Internet and how it works. After going through this article, you will be able to answer the following questions:

Git Standard Practices

1. Using .gitignore

Useful .gitignore templates: GitHub

The .gitignore file is a text file that tells Git which files or folders to ignore in a project. A local .gitignore file is usually placed in the root directory of a project. You can also create a global .gitignore file and any entries in that file will be ignored in all of your Git repositories.

1.1 What is version control?

• Version control is a management system that allows you to record and track changes in your source code and files so that you can recall certain versions later.
• It’s like a Google Doc for programming, where you can collaborate with multiple people working on the same code and see the source code’s history

Ultimately, using a version control system allows teams to streamline their development process, which improves their overall efficiency

Command Line Basics Crash Course

Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBokz0LTizk

Given above is a quick super-fast course in using the command line. It is intended to be done rapidly in about a day, and not meant to teach you advanced shell usage.